having done的用法

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残影风

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having done的用法是非谓语动词用法。非谓语动词又叫非限定动词，非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)，即动词的非谓语形式。having done例句Having done these things, he went on again.做完这些事，他又继续往前走。Having done quite well in the important exam, he came back home, relaxed and smiling.他在这场重要的考试中做得很好，他放松地回到家，面带微笑。It would be rash to try an exam like BEC Higher without having done any preparation at all, even if your English is very good.即使你的英语很好，如果你没有做任何准备就参加 BEC 高级考试，那也太草率了。You can congratulate yourself on having done an excellent job.你应该为你出色的工作感到自豪。Having done that,she now could rest.做完了这些事，现在她可以安息了。He felt ashamed of having done so little.他为自己干得太少而感到羞愧。having been done是什么时态是现在完成时。Having been done是现在分词的完成时的被动语态，用的时候常常会出现一个段时间状语。having been done强调动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Having been done一般强调被动的动作。

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繁星灬夏若離

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非谓语中的having done是现在分词的完成式，它表示主动的动作，并且动作发生在谓语动词之前，常常作状语来修饰动词。done过去分词无论作状语或作定语，都表示被动的动作，也可以表示已经完成的动作。having done例句Having done these things, he went on again.做完这些事，他又继续往前走。Having done quite well in the important exam, he came back home, relaxed and smiling.他在这场重要的考试中做得很好，他放松地回到家，面带微笑。It would be rash to try an exam like BEC Higher without having done any preparation at all, even if your English is very good.即使你的英语很好，如果你没有做任何准备就参加 BEC 高级考试，那也太草率了。You can congratulate yourself on having done an excellent job.你应该为你出色的工作感到自豪。Having done that,she now could rest.做完了这些事，现在她可以安息了。He felt ashamed of having done so little.他为自己干得太少而感到羞愧。

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淡荡春光

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世行_劳力输出有利各方世界银行(World Bank)近日在开罗发布的一项研究报告显示，移民对劳动力输出国家女孩的教育、医疗和生育率具有积极影响。Migration has a positive impact on girls' education, healthcare and fertility rates in countries that export labour, according to a study by the World Bank published yesterday in Cairo."巴基斯坦等许多国家都重男轻女，因此男孩可以获得更多家庭资源，"该报告的首席经济学家及联合主编莫里斯o希夫(Maurice Schiff)表示。"当海外移民通过汇款使家庭获得额外收入时，女孩往往能得到更多。""In a lot of countries, [such as] Pakistan, boys are favoured over girls, so they get a larger share of household resources," said Maurice Schiff, the lead economist and co-editor of the report. "When additional income comes to the family through remittances sent by a migrant abroad, more tends to go to girls."研究发现，在巴基斯坦，家庭中拥有一名移民工人会将女孩入学率提高多达54%，而男孩仅为7%。The World Bank study found that, in Pakistan, the effect of having a migrant worker in the family was to increase female enrolment in schools by as much as 54 per cent, compared with just 7 per cent for boys.其它研究结果显示，移民家庭女孩的上学时间平均比非移民家庭的女孩长2年。移民对童工也有影响，因为如果孩子的父亲在海外工作挣钱，儿童被送去打工的可能性就会减小，即使被送去打工，这些孩子的工作时间也会减少大约66%。Other results showed that girls from migrant households stayed in school on average two years longer than those from non-migrant families. There was also an impact on child labour because children who had a father earning money abroad were less likely to be sent out to work and those who were, worked about 66 per cent less.报告还发现，移民提高了巴基斯坦和中美洲移民儿童的身高和体重。It also found that migration improved the height and weight of the children of Pakistani and central American migrants.收入增加也意味着能够更多地获得医疗保障。在尼加拉瓜，汇款极大提高了医生助产的可能性，这是降低母亲死亡率的一个重要因素。More money also meant better access to healthcare. In Nicaragua, remittances significantly improved the likelihood of doctor-assisted births, a big factor in reducing maternal mortality.报告的另一项发现是，在摩洛哥和土耳其向欧洲输出劳动力的地区，生育率有所下降。报告将这种现象归因于"观念和行为模式从劳动力接收国向输出国传输"。Another finding was that fertility rates have declined in those parts of Morocco and Turkey that export labour to Europe. It attributed this to "the transmission of ideas and modes of behaviour from host to source country".报告还发现，归国移民能够在本国获得更高的工资。与没有出过国的人相比，在海外工作过的埃及人的工资最多可高出38%。The report also found that returned migrants could command higher wages in their home countries. Egyptians who had worked abroad earned up to 38 per cent more than those who had not travelled.希夫表示，受益的不仅仅是劳动力输出国。The benefits, says Mr Schiff, are not confined to labour exporting countries.希夫称："有研究发现，如果经合组织(OECD)国家的劳动力增加3%(即1500万人)，并平均分布在各个职业，所获得的好处将比世界所有国家都开放贸易还要大。""There are studies which show that if you increase the labour force of OECD countries by 3 per cent, or 15m people, with the same distribution across occupations, the benefits would be larger than if all the countries of the world liberalised their trade," he said.希夫表示，这些好处应当为劳动力接收国提供有力的理由，实施暂时移民制度，例如，可以规定工人的部分工资在其本国支付，只有在工人最终回国时才能拿到。他表示，这种制度将保留汇款给贫穷国家带来的好处，减少发展中国家的人才流失，并有利于劳动力接收国控制自己的人口规模。Mr Schiff says these benefits should provide a strong argument for countries that receive labour to adopt systems for temporary migration in which, for instance, a proportion of a worker's salary is paid in the home country and is only available after the worker's final return. Such a system, he said, would maintain the benefits of remittances to poor countries, cut the brain drain from the developing world and let host countries control the size of their population.

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过得好吗

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学习重点1. Speaking---forms of communication2. Reading --- Is your English too English3. Leaving voice mails and Taking messages4. Vocabulary consolidation5. Self-study exercises6. Memo writing7. Oral Practice8. HomeworkI. Speaking.Keeping in touch1. frequency n.频率2. formality n.正式程度Discussion.l Which methods of communication do you like best? Letters, phone calls or e-mails?I like sending e-mails. They are quick, inexpensive, easy and efficient. Also, when I write my thoughts on the computer, I can edit and organize them to ensure that I am communicating clearly. However, sometimes it takes a long time to receive the reply, so I have to make a phone call.Points under consideration for their advantages and disadvantagesl pricel speed of communicationl user-friendlinessl Time-consumingII. Reading.Is Your English Too English?Para.1executive n.执行者, 经理主管人员corporate adj. 公司的dominance noun [uncountable]the fact of being more powerful, more important, or more noticeable than other people or things优势, 统治动词 dominatepolitical/economic/cultural etc dominance 政治/经济/文化统治the economic and political dominance of Western countries 西方国家在经济和政治上的绝对优势television's dominance over other media 电视在媒体中的统治地位exceed verb [transitive] formal1 to be more than a particular number or amount超越, 胜过Working hours must not exceed 42 hours a week. 工作小时数不能超过42小时。His performance exceeded our expectations. 他的表现超过了我们对他的期待。2 to go beyond what rules or laws say you are allowed to do超过He was fined for exceeding the speed limit. 由于超速，他被罚款。Explanation: communicating internationallyPara. 2bilingual adj.能说两种语言的consistent adjectiveￚ反义词 inconsistent1 always behaving in the same way or having the same attitudes, standards etc - usually used to show approval 连续的，持续的consistent inWe need to be consistent in our approach.我们必须在方法上保持连贯。a consistent improvement in the country's economy 该国经济持续改善consistently adverb consistently high performanceoverestimate verb [transitive]1 to think something is better, more important etc than it really is过高评价反义词 underestimateHe tends to overestimate his own abilities. 他总是想过高地评价自己的能力。2 to guess an amount or value that is too high 过高地估算Most patients overestimated how long they had had to wait to see a doctor. 许多病人都过高地估计了需要等待看医生看病的时间。estimate noun [countable]1 a calculation of the value, size, amount etc of something 计算a rough estimate (=not an exact calculation) of how much time we'll need 粗略的估算我们需要的时间The figure will only be about two million, less than half the original estimate. 这个数值只有2百万左右，比原先的计算少一半还要多。2 a statement of how much it will probably cost to build or repair something修理、建设估价表The garage said they'd send me an estimate for the work. 汽车修理行说他们会给我寄来一份修车估价表。assume verb [transitive]1 to think that something is true, although you do not have definite proof 估计I didn't see your car, so I assumed you'd gone out. 我没有看见你的车，所以我估计你已经走了。it is/seems reasonable to assume (that)I think we can safely assume (=it is almost certain) that interest rates will go up again soon. 我认为我们可以非常放心地预计利率会很快上调。2 assume control/responsibility etc 实施控制/承担责任formal to start to have control, responsibility etc or to start in a particular position or jobWhoever they appoint will assume responsibility for all financial matters. 不管他们谁被任命，他们都会继续承担所有财政上的责任。Jim Paton will assume the role of managing director. …将会担任总经理一职。3 to be based on the idea that something else is correct 假设The theory assumes that both labour and capital are mobile. 这个理论假设劳动力和资金可以移动。Explanation：Assuming too muchPara.3adapt verb1 [intransitive and transitive] to gradually change your behaviour and attitudes in order to be successful in a new situation使适应;使适合The children are finding it hard to adapt to the new school. 孩子们觉得适应新学校很困难。adapt yourself/itself etc (to something)How do these insects adapt themselves to new environments? 这些昆虫是怎样适应新环境的?2 [transitive] to change something to make it suitable for a different purpose 调整adapt something to do somethingThe car has been adapted to take unleaded gas. 这辆车被改装成一辆可以加装无铅汽油的车辆。adapt something for somebodyThese teaching materials can be adapted for older children. 这些教学资料可以改编后让大一些的孩子们使用。3 [transitive usually passive] if a book or play is adapted for film, television etc, it is changed so that it can be made into a film, television programme etc改编be adapted for somethingMany children buy books after they have been adapted for television.这本书改编成电视剧之后有很多儿童纷纷购买此书。simplify verb [transitive]to make something easier or less complicated让….更简单an attempt to simplify the tax system 针对简化税收体系而做出的努力The law needs to be simplified. 法律应该更被简化。a simplified version of the game 一个简化版本的游戏over-over-complicatecomplicate verb [transitive]1 to make a problem or situation more difficult 让问题或情况更困难The situation is complicated by the fact that I've got to work late on Friday. 我周五必须要工作到很晚这一事实让情况更为复杂。chunk noun [countable]1 a large thick piece of something that does not have an even shape短而厚的一块(肉、木头等)ice chunks 冰块a chunk of bread 一块面包2 a large part or amount of something 一大部分The rent takes a large chunk out of my monthly salary. 租金花掉了我月薪中的绝大部分。A huge chunk of the audience got up and left before the end of the show. 绝大多数观众都在演出结束之前起身走了。Explanation：Keeping it simplePara. 4idiomatic adj.惯用的, 合乎语言习惯的get down to something phrasal verbto start doing something that is difficult or needs a lot of time or energy 精心做事It's time we got down to work. 该是我们工作的时间了。get down to doing somethingI always find it hard to get down to revising. 我总觉得修改起来很困难。understate verb [transitive]to describe something in a way that makes it seem less important or serious than it really is有意轻描淡写，保守地说,ￚ反义词 overstateThe press have tended to understate the extent of the problem. 平面媒体想轻描淡写地说明问题的波及面。insist on v.坚持, 坚决要求specific adjective1 [only before noun] a specific thing, person, or group is one particular thing, person, or group 某一具体的事情、人或团体games suitable for specific age-groups 专门适合某年龄组的游戏2 detailed and exact具体的Mr Howarth gave us very specific instructions. …给我们非常具体的指示。specific aboutCould you be more specific about what you're looking for? 你能把你正在找的东西说得更具体些吗?Explanation: Understanding cultural differencePara. 5majority n.多数, 大半ￚ反义词 minoritygreat/vast/overwhelming majority of something (=almost all of a group)be in the majoritya majority of 500insensitive adjective 不敏感的，不注意的，insensitive toShe's totally insensitive to Jack's feelings.她一定也不注意捷克的感觉。Companies that are insensitive to global changes will lose sales. 那些对国际变化不敏感的公司最终会丧失销售业绩。The service is insensitive to the needs of local people. 这项服务对当地人们的需求丝毫也不关注。insensitive to pain对疼痛不敏感rely verbrely on/upon somebody/something phrasal verb 依赖，依靠1 to trust or depend on someone or something to do what you need or expect them to doￚ reliable, reliancerely on somebody/something to do somethingMany working women rely on relatives to help take care of their children. 许多工作妇女依赖她们的亲戚帮助她们照看自己的小孩。rely on/upon somebody/something forMany people now rely on the Internet for news. 许多人现在借用英特网来浏览新闻。2 to depend on something in order to continue to live or exist 依赖借以生存For its income, the company relies heavily on only a few contracts. 这家公司的收入绝大程度上依赖仅有的几个合同。cross-cultural adjective [only before noun] belonging to or involving two or more different societies, countries, or cultures 跨文化的cross-cultural communication 跨文化交流evaluation noun [uncountable and countable]a judgment about how good, useful, or successful something is 评价，评估ￚ同义词 assessmentWe need to carry out a proper evaluation of the new system. 我们需要对这套新体系做出一个正确的评价。They took some samples of products for evaluation. 他们取出一些产品的样本作评估。evaluate verb [transitive] to judge how good, useful, or successful something isￚ同义词 assessYou should be able to evaluate your own work. 你应该能够评价自己的工作。Explanation: Raising awarenessIII. Leaving voice mails and Taking messages① Listening.1. Bsend me a copy of your department’s figurescopy noun1[countable] something that is made to be exactly like another thing 复印件She forwarded them a copy of her British passport. 她将自己的英国护照复印件交给了他们。2[countable] one of many books, magazines, records etc that are all exactly the same一份，一张，一本a copy of the local newspaper 一份当地报纸The hardback costs £16.99 a copy. 这本精装书一本16.99英镑。The record sold a million copies. 这盘磁带卖了1百万盘。Free copies are available on request. 如果要求就可以得到免费的资料。2. Gtrade fair noun [countable]a large event when several companies show their goods or services in one place, to try to sell them 博览会ￚ同义词 trade showbooth (telephone booth), standcomplimentary adjective1 given free to people(免费)赠送的There was a complimentary bottle of champagne in the hotel room. 在饭店房间里有一瓶免费的香槟酒。I've got some complimentary tickets for the theatre tonight. 我得到了今晚剧院的免费票。2 saying that you admire someone or something 赞扬的，夸奖的complimentary remarks 奉承话

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having done的用法

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